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21 Mar 2009

Volume 130, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

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Electrochemically intercalated indium-tin-oxide/poly(3-hexylthiophene): A solid-state heterojunction solar cell

Rajaram S. Mane, Wonjoo Lee, Sun-Ki Min, Soo-Hyoung Lee, Oh-Shim Joo, C. D. Lokhande, Arif V. Shaikh, and Sung-Hwan Han

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 111101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3096988 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2009

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A heterojunction solar cell design composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and intercalated indium-tin-oxide (ITO) donor-acceptor system is explored for the first time. Substantial change in band edge of ITO is noticed after intercalation. Structural and surface morphological studies are reported. Due to tuned band gap of ITO, an increase in short circuit current from 0.0012 to 0.46 mA/cm2, fill factor from 0.39 to 0.51, and power conversion efficiency from 0.000 367 to 0.3% is obtained for heterojunction solar cell when compared to P3HT alone. This novel, room temperature design approach would be of great scientific interest in current solid-state solar cell scenario.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
68.35.bm Polymers, organics
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Anisotropic propagation and confinement of high frequency phonons in nanocomposites

A. Sato, W. Knoll, Y. Pennec, B. Djafari-Rouhani, G. Fytas, and M. Steinhart

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 111102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3096972 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2009

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We show that self-ordered anodic aluminum oxide containing hexagonal arrays of cylindrical nanopores with submicron periodicity is a versatile model system for the exploration of rich phononic phenomena at gigahertz frequencies, which are intimately linked to fluids located in the nanopores and their interactions with the pore walls. Using high-resolution Brillouin spectroscopy we report the first realization of directional flow of elastic energy parallel and perpendicular to the pore axes, phonon localization, and tunability of the phononic band structure.
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63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
63.20.Pw Localized modes
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back to top Theoretical Methods and Algorithms

State specific equation of motion coupled cluster method in general active space

Liguo Kong, K. R. Shamasundar, Ondrej Demel, and Marcel Nooijen

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089302 (15 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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The state specific equation of motion coupled cluster (SS-EOMCC) method is an internally contracted multireference approach, applicable to both ground and excited states. Attractive features of the method are as follows: (1) the SS-EOMCC wave function is qualitatively correct and rigorously spin adapted, (2) both orbitals and dynamical correlation are optimized for the target state, (3) nondynamical correlation and differential orbital relaxation effects are taken care of by a diagonalization of the transformed Hamiltonian in the multireference configuration-interaction singles space, (4) only one- and two-particle density matrices of a complete-active-space self-consistent-field reference state are needed to define equations for the cluster amplitudes, and (5) the method is invariant with respect to orbital rotations in core, active, and virtual subspaces. Prior applications focused on biradical-like systems, in which only one extra orbital is needed to construct the active space, and similarly, single bond breaking processes. In this paper, the applicability of the method is extended to systems of general active spaces. Studies on F2, H2O, CO, and N2 are carried out to gauge its accuracy. The convergence strategy is discussed in detail.
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31.15.bw Coupled-cluster theory
31.15.V- Electron correlation calculations for atoms, ions and molecules
31.15.xr Self-consistent-field methods

Uncertainties in scaling factors for ab initio vibrational zero-point energies

Karl K. Irikura, Russell D. Johnson, III, Raghu N. Kacker, and Rüdiger Kessel

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3086931 (11 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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Vibrational zero-point energies (ZPEs) determined from ab initio calculations are often scaled by empirical factors. An empirical scaling factor partially compensates for the effects arising from vibrational anharmonicity and incomplete treatment of electron correlation. These effects are not random but are systematic. We report scaling factors for 32 combinations of theory and basis set, intended for predicting ZPEs from computed harmonic frequencies. An empirical scaling factor carries uncertainty. We quantify and report, for the first time, the uncertainties associated with scaling factors for ZPE. The uncertainties are larger than generally acknowledged; the scaling factors have only two significant digits. For example, the scaling factor for B3LYP/6-31G(d) is 0.9757±0.0224 (standard uncertainty). The uncertainties in the scaling factors lead to corresponding uncertainties in predicted ZPEs. The proposed method for quantifying the uncertainties associated with scaling factors is based upon the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, published by the International Organization for Standardization. We also present a new reference set of 60 diatomic and 15 polyatomic “experimental” ZPEs that includes estimated uncertainties.
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31.15.A- Ab initio calculations
31.15.E- Density-functional theory
33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
31.15.V- Electron correlation calculations for atoms, ions and molecules

Transformation from angle-action variables to Cartesian coordinates for polyatomic reactions

M. L. González-Martínez, L. Bonnet, P. Larrégaray, J.-C. Rayez, and J. Rubayo-Soneira

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089602 (9 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2009

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The transformation from angle-action variables to Cartesian coordinates is an important step of the semiclassical description of bimolecular collisions and photofragmentations. The basic reason is that dynamical conditions corresponding to molecular beam experiments are ideally generated in angle-action variables, whereas the classical equations of motion are ideally solved in Cartesian coordinates by standard numerical approaches. To our knowledge, this transformation is available in the literature only for atom-diatom arrangements. The goal of the present work is to derive it for diatom-polyatom ones. The analogous transformation for any type of arrangement may then be straightforwardly deduced from that presented here.
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82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
82.50.-m Photochemistry
82.20.-w Chemical kinetics and dynamics

Excitation energies with time-dependent density matrix functional theory: Singlet two-electron systems

K. J. H. Giesbertz, K. Pernal, O. V. Gritsenko, and E. J. Baerends

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3079821 (16 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2009

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Time-dependent density functional theory in its current adiabatic implementations exhibits three striking failures: (a) Totally wrong behavior of the excited state surface along a bond-breaking coordinate, (b) lack of doubly excited configurations, affecting again excited state surfaces, and (c) much too low charge transfer excitation energies. We address these problems with time-dependent density matrix functional theory (TDDMFT). For two-electron systems the exact exchange-correlation functional is known in DMFT, hence exact response equations can be formulated. This affords a study of the performance of TDDMFT in the TDDFT failure cases mentioned (which are all strikingly exhibited by prototype two-electron systems such as dissociating H2 and HeH+). At the same time, adiabatic approximations, which will eventually be necessary, can be tested without being obscured by approximations in the functional. We find the following: (a) In the fully nonadiabatic (ω-dependent, exact) formulation of linear response TDDMFT, it can be shown that linear response (LR)-TDDMFT is able to provide exact excitation energies, in particular, the first order (linear response) formulation does not prohibit the correct representation of doubly excited states; (b) within previously formulated simple adiabatic approximations the bonding-to-antibonding excited state surface as well as charge transfer excitations are described without problems, but not the double excitations; (c) an adiabatic approximation is formulated in which also the double excitations are fully accounted for.
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31.15.E- Density-functional theory
31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states

Levels of self-consistency in the GW approximation

Adrian Stan, Nils Erik Dahlen, and Robert van Leeuwen

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089567 (10 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2009

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We perform GW calculations on atoms and diatomic molecules at different levels of self-consistency and investigate the effects of self-consistency on total energies, ionization potentials, and particle number conservation. We further propose a partially self-consistent GW scheme in which we keep the correlation part of the self-energy fixed within the self-consistency cycle. This approximation is compared to the fully self-consistent GW results and to the GW0 and the G0W0 approximations. Total energies, ionization potentials, and two-electron removal energies obtained with our partially self-consistent GW approximation are in excellent agreement with fully self-consistent GW results while requiring only a fraction of the computational effort. We also find that self-consistent and partially self-consistent schemes provide ionization energies of similar quality as the G0W0 values but yield better total energies and energy differences.
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31.15.xm Quasiparticle methods
02.30.-f Function theory, analysis
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy

A MinMax self-consistent-field approach for auxiliary density functional theory

Andreas M. Köster, Jorge M. del Campo, Florian Janetzko, and Bernardo Zuniga-Gutierrez

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3080618 (8 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2009

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A MinMax self-consistent-field (SCF) approach is derived in the framework of auxiliary density functional theory. It is shown that the SCF convergence can be guided by the fitting coefficients that arise from the variational fitting of the Coulomb potential. An in-core direct inversion of the iterative subspace (DIIS) algorithm is presented. Due to its reduced memory demand this new in-core DIIS method can be applied without overhead to very large systems with tens of thousands of basis and auxiliary functions. Due to the new DIIS error definition systems with fractional occupation numbers can be treated, too.
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31.15.xr Self-consistent-field methods
31.15.eg Exchange-correlation functionals (in current density functional theory)
31.15.xt Variational techniques
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis

A study of the fixed-node error in quantum Monte Carlo calculations of electronic transitions: The case of the singlet n→π∗ (CO) transition of the acrolein

Thomas Bouabça, Nadia Ben Amor, Daniel Maynau, and Michel Caffarel

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3086023 (8 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 20 March 2009

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We report fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (FN-DMC) calculations of the singlet n→π∗ (CO) vertical transition of acrolein. The impact of the fixed-node approximation on the excitation energy is investigated. To do that, trial wave functions corresponding to various nodal patterns are used. They are constructed by using either a minimal complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculation involving an oxygen lone pair n and the π∗ (CO) molecular orbitals or a more complete set involving all the molecular orbitals expected to play a significant role in the excitation process. Calculations of both states have been performed with molecular orbitals optimized separately for each state via standard “state specific” CASSCF calculations or by using a common set of optimized orbitals [“state averaged” CASSCF calculations] whose effect is to introduce some important correlation between the nodal patterns of the two electronic states. To investigate the role of the basis set three different basis of increasing size have been employed. The comparative study based on the use of all possible combinations of basis sets, active spaces, and type of optimized molecular orbitals shows that the nodal error on the difference of energies is small when chemically relevant active space and state-averaged-type CASSCF wave functions are used, although the fixed-node error on the individual total energies involved can vary substantially. This remarkable result obtained for the acrolein suggests that FN-DMC calculations based on a simple strategy (use of standard ab initio wave functions and no Monte Carlo optimization of molecular orbital parameters) could be a working computational tool for computing electronic transition energies for more general systems.
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31.15.xr Self-consistent-field methods
31.15.A- Ab initio calculations
31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states

Efficient and accurate local approximations to coupled-electron pair approaches: An attempt to revive the pair natural orbital method

Frank Neese, Frank Wennmohs, and Andreas Hansen

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3086717 (18 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 20 March 2009

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Coupled-electron pair approximations (CEPAs) and coupled-pair functionals (CPFs) have been popular in the 1970s and 1980s and have yielded excellent results for small molecules. Recently, interest in CEPA and CPF methods has been renewed. It has been shown that these methods lead to competitive thermochemical, kinetic, and structural predictions. They greatly surpass second order Møller–Plesset and popular density functional theory based approaches in accuracy and are intermediate in quality between CCSD and CCSD(T) in extended benchmark studies. In this work an efficient production level implementation of the closed shell CEPA and CPF methods is reported that can be applied to medium sized molecules in the range of 50–100 atoms and up to about 2000 basis functions. The internal space is spanned by localized internal orbitals. The external space is greatly compressed through the method of pair natural orbitals (PNOs) that was also introduced by the pioneers of the CEPA approaches. Our implementation also makes extended use of density fitting (or resolution of the identity) techniques in order to speed up the laborious integral transformations. The method is called local pair natural orbital CEPA (LPNO-CEPA) (LPNO-CPF). The implementation is centered around the concepts of electron pairs and matrix operations. Altogether three cutoff parameters are introduced that control the size of the significant pair list, the average number of PNOs per electron pair, and the number of contributing basis functions per PNO. With the conservatively chosen default values of these thresholds, the method recovers about 99.8% of the canonical correlation energy. This translates to absolute deviations from the canonical result of only a few kcal mol−1. Extended numerical test calculations demonstrate that LPNO-CEPA (LPNO-CPF) has essentially the same accuracy as parent CEPA (CPF) methods for thermochemistry, kinetics, weak interactions, and potential energy surfaces but is up to 500 times faster. The method performs best in conjunction with large and flexible basis sets. These results open the way for large-scale chemical applications.
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31.15.E- Density-functional theory
31.15.bw Coupled-cluster theory
82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics
31.50.-x Potential energy surfaces
33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
back to top Gas Phase Dynamics and Structure: Spectroscopy, Molecular Interactions, Scattering, and Photochemistry

Hydrogen multicenter bonds and reversible hydrogen storage

P. Tarakeshwar, T. J. Dhilip Kumar, and N. Balakrishnan

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114301 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3082130 (9 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2009

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A new strategy for reversible hydrogen storage based on the properties of hydrogen multicenter bonds is proposed. This is demonstrated by carrying out ab initio calculations of hydrogen saturation of titanium and bimetallic titanium-aluminum nanoclusters. Hydrogen saturation leads to the formation of exceptionally and energetically stable hydrogen multicenter bonds. The stabilization results from sharing of the hydrogen atom electron density with the frontier orbitals of the metal cluster. The strength of the hydrogen multicenter bonds can be modulated either by varying the degree of hydrogen loading or by suitable alloying. Mode-specific infrared excitation of the vibrational modes associated with the multicenter hydrogen bonds can release the adsorbed hydrogen, thereby enabling efficient reversible hydrogen storage. The possible formation of hydrogen multicenter bonds involving titanium atoms and its implication to hydrogen adsorption/desorption kinetics in hydrogen cycled Ti-doped NaAlH4 is also discussed.
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84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
68.43.Nr Desorption kinetics
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics

Theoretical studies of angle-resolved ion yield spectra of core-to-valence transitions of acetylene

Victor Kimberg, Nobuhiro Kosugi, and Faris Gel’mukhanov

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114302 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089226 (10 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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Recent experimental results on angle-resolved photoion-yield spectroscopy (ARPIS) spectra near the core-to-valence excitation in acetylene show significant anisotropies in the spectral profile measured at 0° and 90° regarding to the polarization direction of x-ray photons. In the present work, a theoretical model is proposed to simulate the fine structure and anisotropy in ARPIS. This employs two-dimensional potential energy surfaces of the ground and core-excited states, as well as transition dipole moments, including symmetric and antisymmetric bending modes to account for Duschinsky effect. The ARPIS is simulated by evaluation of the ion flux, which is found as a projection of the excited state wave packet on a particular direction in the molecular frame. Numerical simulations explain qualitatively the angular dependence of the experimental spectra of the 1s→1πg∗ and 1s→3σu∗ transitions. The effects of the lifetime of the core-excited state, the direction of the ion flux, and the transition dipole moment are discussed.
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31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states
31.50.Bc Potential energy surfaces for ground electronic states
33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors
31.15.aj Relativistic corrections, spin-orbit effects, fine structure; hyperfine structure

Quantum calculations of H2–H2 collisions: From ultracold to thermal energies

Goulven Quéméner and Naduvalath Balakrishnan

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114303 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3081225 (9 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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We present quantum dynamics of collisions between two para-H2 molecules from low (10−3 K) to high collision energies (1 eV). The calculations are carried out using a quantum scattering code that solves the time-independent Schrödinger equation in its full dimensionality without any decoupling approximations. The six-dimensional potential energy surface for the H4 system developed by Boothroyd et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 116, 666 (2002) ] is used in the calculations. Elastic, inelastic, and state-to-state cross sections as well as rate coefficients from T = 1 K to 400 K obtained from our calculations are compared with available experimental and theoretical results. Overall, good agreement is obtained with previous studies.
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34.50.Ez Rotational and vibrational energy transfer
34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces
34.50.Cx Elastic; ultracold collisions

Photochemical reactions of the low-lying excited states of formaldehyde: T1/S0 intersystem crossings, characteristics of the S1 and T1 potential energy surfaces, and a global T1 potential energy surface

Peng Zhang, Satoshi Maeda, Keiji Morokuma, and Bastiaan J. Braams

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114304 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3085952 (10 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2009

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Accurate ab initio calculations using the multireference configuration interaction method have been performed to characterize the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of low-lying excited states (S1 and T1) of formaldehyde (H2CO) and hydroxymethylene (HCOH) with emphasis on their isomerization, dissociation, and the possible role of the T1 state in the nonadiabatic photodissociation of H2CO. Two regions on the T1 PES are found to contribute to the nonadiabatic transition to the ground (S0) state. Three minima on the seam of crossing (MSXs), 80–85 kcal/mol (above the S0 global minimum), are located in the HCOH region; they, however, are blocked by a high-energy isomerization transition state at ∼ 107 kcal/mol. The other MSX discovered in the H2CO region is reachable with energy ≤ 91 kcal/mol and strong spin-orbit interaction; this may be a more important pathway for the T1 to S0 transition. A full-dimensional PES is generated for the T1 state, fitted by a weighted least-squares method employing a many-body expansion in which each term is a function of the internuclear distances and is invariant under permutations of like atoms. The single global function covers the formaldehyde and the HCOH regions as well as dissociation pathways. The high quality of the fitted PES is demonstrated by the small root-mean-square fitting error of 119 cm−1 and the close agreement between the critical points from ab initio calculations and from the fitted PES.
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82.50.-m Photochemistry
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions

Fragmentation of adenine under energy control

Richard Brédy, Jérôme Bernard, Li Chen, Guillaume Montagne, Bin Li, and Serge Martin

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114305 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3080162 (11 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2009

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We present results on the fragmentation of adenine dication as a function of the excitation energy. The adenine molecule is charged and excited in a single collision with Cl+ ion at 3 keV and the excitation energy distribution is obtained for each fragmentation channel by measuring the kinetic energy loss of the projectile. This method named collision induced dissociation under energy control is based on the formation of a negative scattered projectile as a result of double electron capture from the target molecule. Comparison between the main dissociation channels of singly and doubly charged adenine shows that fragmentation patterns are very similar consisting mainly of the successive emission of neutral HCN or H2CN+. The energy distributions of the parent adenine dication and the kinetic energy release of the fragments measured for the most abundant fragmentation channels confirms the assumption of successive emission dynamics. A specific fragmentation pathway of the adenine requiring less energy than the usual successive emission of neutral HCN could be identified. It consists of the emission of a charged H2CN+ following on by the emission of a dimer of HCN (precisely HC2N2). This new channel, measured for a mean excitation energy of 8.4 eV for the adenine dication is very closed to the emission of HCN monomer measured at 7.9 eV. The implications of these results concern the formation of adenine in the sealed-tube reaction of HCN with liquid ammonia as well as the possible formation of the adenine molecule in the interstellar medium. This last point is briefly discussed in relation to astrobiology and exobiology interests.
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87.15.rs Dissociation
34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power
34.70.+e Charge transfer
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)

Investigation of the reactions of small neutral iron oxide clusters with methanol

Yan Xie, Feng Dong, Scott Heinbuch, Jorge J. Rocca, and Elliot R. Bernstein

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114306 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3086724 (11 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 20 March 2009

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Reactions of neutral iron oxide clusters (FemOn, m = 1–2, n = 0–5) with methanol (CH3OH) in a fast flow reactor are investigated by time of flight mass spectrometry. Detection of the neutral iron oxide cluster distribution and reaction intermediates and products is accomplished through single photon ionization by a 118 nm (10.5 eV) VUV laser. Partially deuterated methanol (CD3OH) is employed to distinguish reaction products and reaction mechanisms. Three major reactions are identified experimentally: CH3OH association with FeO; methanol dehydrogenation on FeO1,2 and Fe2O2–5; and (CH2O)Fe formation. Density functional theory calculations are carried out to identify reaction products, and to explore the geometric and electronic structures of the iron oxide clusters, reaction intermediates, and transition states, and to evaluate reaction pathways. Neutral formaldehyde is calculated to be formed on FeO1,2 and Fe2O2–5 clusters. Hydrogen transfer from methanol to iron oxide clusters occurs first from the O–H moiety of methanol, and is followed by a hydrogen transfer from the C–H moiety of methanol. Computational results are in good agreement with experimental observations and reveal reaction mechanisms for neutral iron oxide clusters taking methanol to formaldehyde through various reaction intermediates. Based on the experimental results and the calculated reaction mechanisms and pathways, complete catalytic cycles are suggested for the heterogeneous reaction of CH3OH to CH2O facilitated by an iron oxide catalyst.
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82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange)
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
82.20.Hf Product distribution
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters
back to top Condensed Phase Dynamics, Structure, and Thermodynamics: Spectroscopy, Reactions, and Relaxation

Electric field of Ions in solution probed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering

David P. Shelton

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114501 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089882 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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The electric field of dissolved ions accounts for the narrow spike at zero frequency shift, with the polarization signature of a polar longitudinal collective mode, in the high resolution hyper-Rayleigh light scattering (HRS) spectrum for liquid water and other polar solvents. This peak in the HRS spectrum probes both the structure factor and the fluctuation time for the ion charge density in solution. The experimental results for KCl–D2O solutions are consistent with the Debye–Hückel charge structure factor and determine the diffusion coefficient and static local field factor.
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78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
64.75.Bc Solubility
66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids

Interaction between buoyancy and diffusion-driven instabilities of propagating autocatalytic reaction fronts. I. Linear stability analysis

J. D’Hernoncourt, J. H. Merkin, and A. De Wit

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114502 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3077180 (13 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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The interaction between buoyancy-driven and diffusion-driven instabilities that can develop along a propagating reaction front is discussed for a system based on an autocatalytic reaction. Twelve different cases are possible depending on whether the front is ascending or descending in the gravity field, whether the reactant is heavier or lighter than the products, and whether the reactant diffuses faster, slower, or at the same rate as the product. A linear stability analysis (LSA) is undertaken, in which dispersion curves (plots of the growth rate σ against wave number k) are derived for representative cases as well as an asymptotic analysis for small wave numbers. The results from the LSA indicate that, when the initial reactant is denser than the reaction products, upward propagating fronts remain unstable with the diffusion-driven instability enhancing this instability. Buoyantly stable downward propagating fronts become unstable when the system is also diffusionally unstable. When the initial reactant is lighter than the reaction products, any diffusionally unstable upward propagating front is stabilized by small buoyancy effects. A diffusional instability enhances the buoyant instability of a downward propagating front with there being a very strong interaction between these effects in this case.
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82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in solution, polymers and zeolites
47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)

Interaction between buoyancy and diffusion-driven instabilities of propagating autocatalytic reaction fronts. II. Nonlinear simulations

J. D’Hernoncourt, J. H. Merkin, and A. De Wit

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114503 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3077181 (10 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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The nonlinear dynamics resulting from the interplay between diffusive and buoyancy-driven Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instabilities of autocatalytic traveling fronts are analyzed numerically for fronts ascending or descending in the gravity field and for various values of the relevant parameters, the Rayleigh numbers Ra and Rb of the reactant A and autocatalytic product B, respectively, and the ratio D = DB/DA of the diffusion coefficients of the two key chemical species. The interaction between the coarsening dynamics characteristic of the RT instability and the fixed short wavelength dynamics of the diffusive instability leads in some parameter regimes to complex dynamics dominated by the irregular succession of birth and death of fingers. Large single convective fingers with a tip deformed by the short wavelength diffusive instability are also observed. If D is sufficiently small and the RT instability is active, the concentration of the slower diffusing species B can be convected to values above its fully reacted concentration. Experimental conditions that would allow the observation of the dynamics predicted here are described.
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82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer
82.20.Bc State selected dynamics and product distribution
47.20.Ma Interfacial instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Taylor)
05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos

Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

M. J. Loeffler and R. A. Baragiola

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114504 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3079612 (7 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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We present laboratory studies on radiation chemistry, sputtering, and amorphization of crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons at 80 K. We used infrared spectroscopy to identify H2O, O3, and possibly HO3, measure the fluence dependence of the fraction of crystalline and amorphous H2O2 and of the production of H2O and destruction of H2O2. Furthermore, using complementary techniques, we observe that the sputtering yield depends on fluence due to the buildup of O2 radiation products in the sample. In addition, we find that the effective cross sections for the destruction of hydrogen peroxide and the production of water are very high compared to radiation chemical processes in water even though the fluence dependence of amorphization is nearly the same for the two materials. This result is consistent with a model of fast cooling of a liquid track produced by each projectile ion rather than with the disorder produced by the formation of radiolytic products.
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82.50.-m Photochemistry
82.20.Hf Product distribution
82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving electronic spectroscopy
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces
61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects

Noncrystalline compact packings of hard spheres of two sizes: Bipyramids and the geometry of common neighbors

D. B. Miracle and Peter Harrowell

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114505 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3082008 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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Insight into the efficient filling of space in systems of binary spheres is explored using bipyramids consisting of 3 ≤ n ≤ 8 tetrahedra sharing a common pair of spheres. Compact packings are sought in bipyramids consisting of larger hard spheres of unit radius and smaller hard spheres of radius 0.001 ≤ R ≤ 1. Seventy-seven distinct compact bipyramids are found. The number of distinct compact bipyramids increases with the number n of constituent tetrahedra. No compact bipyramids are found for R ≥ 0.9473 and for 0.8493 ≥ R ≥ 0.7434. A topological instability eliminates compact packings for R ≤ 0.1547. Pentagonal bipyramids cover a larger range in R than any other compact bipyramids studied.
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61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation

Dipolar truncation in magic-angle spinning NMR recoupling experiments

Marvin J. Bayro, Matthias Huber, Ramesh Ramachandran, Timothy C. Davenport, Beat H. Meier, Matthias Ernst, and Robert G. Griffin

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114506 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089370 (8 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2009

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Quantitative solid-state NMR distance measurements in strongly coupled spin systems are often complicated due to the simultaneous presence of multiple noncommuting spin interactions. In the case of zeroth-order homonuclear dipolar recoupling experiments, the recoupled dipolar interaction between distant spins is attenuated by the presence of stronger couplings to nearby spins, an effect known as dipolar truncation. In this article, we quantitatively investigate the effect of dipolar truncation on the polarization-transfer efficiency of various homonuclear recoupling experiments with analytical theory, numerical simulations, and experiments. In particular, using selectively 13C-labeled tripeptides, we compare the extent of dipolar truncation in model three-spin systems encountered in protein samples produced with uniform and alternating labeling. Our observations indicate that while the extent of dipolar truncation decreases in the absence of directly bonded nuclei, two-bond dipolar couplings can generate significant dipolar truncation of small, long-range couplings. Therefore, while alternating labeling alleviates the effects of dipolar truncation, and thus facilitates the application of recoupling experiments to large spin systems, it does not represent a complete solution to this outstanding problem.
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76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
87.64.kj NMR

Dynamical arrest in low density dipolar colloidal gels

Mark A. Miller, Ronald Blaak, Craig N. Lumb, and Jean-Pierre Hansen

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114507 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3089620 (12 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2009

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We report the results of extensive molecular dynamics simulations of a simple, but experimentally achievable model of dipolar colloids. It is shown that a modest elongation of the particles and dipoles to make dipolar dumbbells favors branching of the dipolar strings that are routinely observed for point dipolar spheres (e.g., ferrofluids). This branching triggers the formation of a percolating transient network when the effective temperature is lowered along low packing fraction isochores (ϕ<0.1). Well below the percolation temperature the evolution of various dynamical correlation functions becomes arrested over a rapidly increasing period of time, indicating that a gel has formed. The onset of arrest is closely linked to ongoing structural and topological changes, which we monitor using a variety of diagnostics, including the Euler characteristic. The present system, dominated by long-range interactions between particles, shows similarities to, but also some significant differences from the behavior of previously studied model systems involving short-range attractive interactions between colloids. In particular, we discuss the relation of gel formation to fluid–fluid phase separation and spinodal decomposition in the light of current knowledge of dipolar fluid phase diagrams.
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82.70.Gg Gels and sols
82.70.Dd Colloids
64.75.Xc Phase separation and segregation in colloidal systems
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids

Homogeneous nucleation of nitrogen

Kristina Iland, Jan Wedekind, Judith Wölk, and Reinhard Strey

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114508 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3078246 (8 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2009

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We investigated the homogeneous nucleation of nitrogen in a cryogenic expansion chamber [ A. Fladerer and R. Strey, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 164710 (2006) ]. Gas mixtures of nitrogen and helium as carrier gas were adiabatically expanded and cooled down from an initial temperature of 83 K until nucleation occurred. This onset was detected by constant angle light scattering at nitrogen vapor pressures of 1.3–14.2 kPa and temperatures of 42–54 K. An analytical fit function well describes the experimental onset pressures with an error of ±15%. We estimate the size of the critical nucleus with the Gibbs–Thomson equation yielding critical sizes of about 50 molecules at the lowest and 70 molecules at the highest temperature. In addition, we estimate the nucleation rate and compare it with nucleation theories. The predictions of classical nucleation theory (CNT) are 9 to 19 orders of magnitude below the experimental results and show a stronger temperature dependence. The Reguera–Reiss theory [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 165701 (2004) ] predicts the correct temperature dependence at low temperatures and decreases the absolute deviation to 7–13 orders of magnitude. We present an empirical correction function to CNT describing our experimental results. These correction parameters are remarkably close to the ones of argon [ Iland et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 154506 (2007) ] and even those of water [ J. Wölk and R. Strey, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 11683 (2001) ].
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64.60.qe General theory and computer simulations of nucleation

The hydration of aniline: Analysis of spatial distribution functions

Andriy Plugatyr and Igor M. Svishchev

J. Chem. Phys. 130, 114509 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3096672 (9 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 20 March 2009

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Molecular dynamics simulations of aniline in aqueous infinitely dilute solution are performed from ambient to supercritical conditions. Spatial hydration structures of aniline are examined along the liquid branch of the liquid-vapor coexistence curve of the simple point charge/extended water model at 298, 373, 473, and 573 K and in the supercritical region at 633, 733, and 833 K with density fixed at 0.3 g/cm3. The coordination and H-bond numbers of aniline are calculated. The self-diffusion coefficient of aniline is also evaluated. At room temperature the solvation shell of aniline is comprised of ∼ 32 water molecules. At 298 K, the amino group is hydrated by three water molecules with which it forms one strong and two weak (0.6) H bonds acting as an acceptor and donor, respectively. In addition, ∼ 1.5 water molecules are identified as π-coordinated, forming close to 0.75 H bonds with the aromatic ring of aniline. The features of the hydration shell structure of aniline diminish with temperature and decreasing density. The disappearance of π-coordinated water molecules is noted at around 473 K, whereas the loss of the hydrophobic solvent cage is observed near the critical point of water. At supercritical conditions aniline is hydrated by approximately eight water molecules with the amino group coordinated to roughly two of them, forming less than one H bond in total.
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82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation
66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids
64.70.F- Liquid-vapor transitions
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
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